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- Declaration of Independence
-
- (Adopted in Congress 4 July 1776)
-
- The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America
-
- When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
- people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with
- another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate
- and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God
- entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that
- they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
-
- We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
- equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
- rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
- That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men,
- deriving their just powers form the consent of the governed. That
- whenever any form of government becomes destructive to these ends, it is
- the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
- government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its
- powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their
- safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments
- long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;
- and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more
- disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
- abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long
- train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object
- evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their
- right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new
- guards for their future security. --Such has been the patient sufferance
- of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them
- to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present
- King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations,
- all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over
- these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
-
- He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary
- for the public good.
-
- He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and
- pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent
- should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to
- attend to them.
-
- He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
- districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
- representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and
- formidable to tyrants only.
-
- He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable,
- and distant from the depository of their public records, for the
- sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
-
- He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with
- manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
-
- He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others
- to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation,
- have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state
- remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from
- without, and convulsions within.
-
- He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that
- purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing
- to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the
- conditions of new appropriations of lands.
-
- He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
- to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
-
- He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of
- their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
-
- He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
- officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
-
- He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the
- consent of our legislature.
-
- He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to
- civil power.
-
- He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
- our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
- their acts of pretended legislation:
-
- For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
-
- For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders
- which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states:
-
- For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:
-
- For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
-
- For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
-
- For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses:
-
- For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
- province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
- its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for
- introducing the same absolute rule in these colonies:
-
- For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
- altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:
-
- For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves
- invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
-
- He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
- protection and waging war against us.
-
- He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns,
- and destroyed the lives of our people.
-
- He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
- complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun
- with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
- most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
- nation.
-
- He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas
- to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
- friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
-
- He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored
- to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian
- savages, whose known rule of warfare, is undistinguished destruction
- of all ages, sexes and conditions.
-
- In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
- the most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered
- only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by
- every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free
- people.
-
- Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We
- have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to
- extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them
- of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
- appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have
- conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these
- usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and
- correspondence. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which
- denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of
- mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.
-
- We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
- General Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
- world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the
- authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
- declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and
- independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the
- British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the
- state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as
- free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude
- peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts
- and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support
- of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine
- Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes
- and our sacred honor.
-